Granger causality: cortico-thalamic interdependencies during absence seizures in WAG/Rij rats.

Linear Granger causality was used to identify the coupling strength and directionality of information transport between frontal cortex and thalamus during spontaneous absence seizures in a genetic model, the WAG/Rij rats. Electroencephalograms were recorded at the cortical surface and from the specific thalamus. Granger coupling strength was measured before, during and after the occurrence of spike-wave discharges (SWD). Before the onset of SWD, coupling strength was low, but associations from thalamus-to-cortex were stronger than vice versa. The onset of SWD was associated with a rapid and significant increase of coupling strength in both directions. There were no changes in Granger causalities before the onset of SWD. The strength of thalamus-to-cortex coupling remained constantly high during the seizures. The strength of cortex-to-thalamus coupling gradually diminished shortly after the onset of SWD and returned to the pre-SWD level when SWD stopped. In contrast, the strength of thalamus-to-cortex coupling remained elevated even after cessation of SWD. The strong and sustained influence of thalamus-to-cortex may facilitate propagation and maintenance of seizure activity, while rapid reduction of cortex-to-thalamus coupling strength may prompt the cessation of SWD. However, the linear estimation of Granger coupling strength does not seem to be sufficient for predicting episodes with absence epilepsy.